`, ``, ``, etc. — must be separated from
> surrounding content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the
> block should not be indented with tabs or spaces.
In some ways Gruber's rule is more restrictive than the one given
here:
- It requires that an HTML block be preceded by a blank line.
- It does not allow the start tag to be indented.
- It requires a matching end tag, which it also does not allow to
be indented.
Indeed, most Markdown implementations, including some of Gruber's
own perl implementations, do not impose these restrictions.
There is one respect, however, in which Gruber's rule is more liberal
than the one given here, since it allows blank lines to occur inside
an HTML block. There are two reasons for disallowing them here.
First, it removes the need to parse balanced tags, which is
expensive and can require backtracking from the end of the document
if no matching end tag is found. Second, it provides a very simple
and flexible way of including Markdown content inside HTML tags:
simply separate the Markdown from the HTML using blank lines:
.
*Emphasized* text.
.
.
Compare:
.
*Emphasized* text.
.
*Emphasized* text.
.
Some Markdown implementations have adopted a convention of
interpreting content inside tags as text if the open tag has
the attribute `markdown=1`. The rule given above seems a simpler and
more elegant way of achieving the same expressive power, which is also
much simpler to parse.
The main potential drawback is that one can no longer paste HTML
blocks into Markdown documents with 100% reliability. However,
*in most cases* this will work fine, because the blank lines in
HTML are usually followed by HTML block tags. For example:
.
.
.
Moreover, blank lines are usually not necessary and can be
deleted. The exception is inside `` tags; here, one can
replace the blank lines with `
` entities.
So there is no important loss of expressive power with the new rule.
## Link reference definitions
A [link reference definition](@link-reference-definition)
consists of a [link label], indented up to three spaces, followed
by a colon (`:`), optional [whitespace] (including up to one
[line ending]), a [link destination],
optional [whitespace] (including up to one
[line ending]), and an optional [link
title], which if it is present must be separated
from the [link destination] by [whitespace].
No further [non-space character]s may occur on the line.
A [link reference-definition]
does not correspond to a structural element of a document. Instead, it
defines a label which can be used in [reference link]s
and reference-style [image]s elsewhere in the document. [Link
reference definitions] can come either before or after the links that use
them.
.
[foo]: /url "title"
[foo]
.
foo
.
.
[foo]:
/url
'the title'
[foo]
.
foo
.
.
[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url) 'title (with parens)'
[Foo*bar\]]
.
Foo*bar]
.
.
[Foo bar]:
'title'
[Foo bar]
.
Foo bar
.
The title may be omitted:
.
[foo]:
/url
[foo]
.
foo
.
The link destination may not be omitted:
.
[foo]:
[foo]
.
[foo]:
[foo]
.
A link can come before its corresponding definition:
.
[foo]
[foo]: url
.
foo
.
If there are several matching definitions, the first one takes
precedence:
.
[foo]
[foo]: first
[foo]: second
.
foo
.
As noted in the section on [Links], matching of labels is
case-insensitive (see [matches]).
.
[FOO]: /url
[Foo]
.
Foo
.
.
[ΑΓΩ]: /φου
[αγω]
.
αγω
.
Here is a link reference definition with no corresponding link.
It contributes nothing to the document.
.
[foo]: /url
.
.
This is not a link reference definition, because there are
[non-space character]s after the title:
.
[foo]: /url "title" ok
.
[foo]: /url "title" ok
.
This is not a link reference definition, because it is indented
four spaces:
.
[foo]: /url "title"
[foo]
.
[foo]: /url "title"
[foo]
.
This is not a link reference definition, because it occurs inside
a code block:
.
```
[foo]: /url
```
[foo]
.
[foo]: /url
[foo]
.
A [link reference definition] cannot interrupt a paragraph.
.
Foo
[bar]: /baz
[bar]
.
Foo
[bar]: /baz
[bar]
.
However, it can directly follow other block elements, such as headers
and horizontal rules, and it need not be followed by a blank line.
.
# [Foo]
[foo]: /url
> bar
.
bar
.
Several [link references definition]s
can occur one after another, without intervening blank lines.
.
[foo]: /foo-url "foo"
[bar]: /bar-url
"bar"
[baz]: /baz-url
[foo],
[bar],
[baz]
.
foo,
bar,
baz
.
[Link reference definition]s can occur
inside block containers, like lists and block quotations. They
affect the entire document, not just the container in which they
are defined:
.
[foo]
> [foo]: /url
.
foo
.
## Paragraphs
A sequence of non-blank lines that cannot be interpreted as other
kinds of blocks forms a [paragraph](@paragraph).
The contents of the paragraph are the result of parsing the
paragraph's raw content as inlines. The paragraph's raw content
is formed by concatenating the lines and removing initial and final
spaces.
A simple example with two paragraphs:
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
Paragraphs can contain multiple lines, but no blank lines:
.
aaa
bbb
ccc
ddd
.
aaa
bbb
ccc
ddd
.
Multiple blank lines between paragraph have no effect:
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
Leading spaces are skipped:
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
Lines after the first may be indented any amount, since indented
code blocks cannot interrupt paragraphs.
.
aaa
bbb
ccc
.
aaa
bbb
ccc
.
However, the first line may be indented at most three spaces,
or an indented code block will be triggered:
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
Final spaces are stripped before inline parsing, so a paragraph
that ends with two or more spaces will not end with a [hard line
break]:
.
aaa
bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
## Blank lines
[Blank line]s between block-level elements are ignored,
except for the role they play in determining whether a [list]
is [tight] or [loose].
Blank lines at the beginning and end of the document are also ignored.
.
aaa
# aaa
.
aaa
aaa
.
# Container blocks
A [container block] is a block that has other
blocks as its contents. There are two basic kinds of container blocks:
[block quotes] and [list items].
[Lists] are meta-containers for [list items].
We define the syntax for container blocks recursively. The general
form of the definition is:
> If X is a sequence of blocks, then the result of
> transforming X in such-and-such a way is a container of type Y
> with these blocks as its content.
So, we explain what counts as a block quote or list item by explaining
how these can be *generated* from their contents. This should suffice
to define the syntax, although it does not give a recipe for *parsing*
these constructions. (A recipe is provided below in the section entitled
[A parsing strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
## Block quotes
A [block quote marker](@block-quote-marker)
consists of 0-3 spaces of initial indent, plus (a) the character `>` together
with a following space, or (b) a single character `>` not followed by a space.
The following rules define [block quotes](@block-quote):
1. **Basic case.** If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a sequence
of blocks *Bs*, then the result of prepending a [block quote
marker] to the beginning of each line in *Ls*
is a [block quote] containing *Bs*.
2. **Laziness.** If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a [block
quote] with contents *Bs*, then the result of deleting
the initial [block quote marker] from one or
more lines in which the next [non-space character] after the [block
quote marker] is [paragraph continuation
text] is a block quote with *Bs* as its content.
[Paragraph continuation text](@paragraph-continuation-text) is text
that will be parsed as part of the content of a paragraph, but does
not occur at the beginning of the paragraph.
3. **Consecutiveness.** A document cannot contain two [block
quotes] in a row unless there is a [blank line] between them.
Nothing else counts as a [block quote].
Here is a simple example:
.
> # Foo
> bar
> baz
.
Foo
bar
baz
.
The spaces after the `>` characters can be omitted:
.
># Foo
>bar
> baz
.
Foo
bar
baz
.
The `>` characters can be indented 1-3 spaces:
.
> # Foo
> bar
> baz
.
Foo
bar
baz
.
Four spaces gives us a code block:
.
> # Foo
> bar
> baz
.
> # Foo
> bar
> baz
.
The Laziness clause allows us to omit the `>` before a
paragraph continuation line:
.
> # Foo
> bar
baz
.
Foo
bar
baz
.
A block quote can contain some lazy and some non-lazy
continuation lines:
.
> bar
baz
> foo
.
bar
baz
foo
.
Laziness only applies to lines that are continuations of
paragraphs. Lines containing characters or indentation that indicate
block structure cannot be lazy.
.
> foo
---
.
foo
.
.
> - foo
- bar
.
.
.
> foo
bar
.
foo
bar
.
.
> ```
foo
```
.
foo
.
A block quote can be empty:
.
>
.
.
.
>
>
>
.
.
A block quote can have initial or final blank lines:
.
>
> foo
>
.
foo
.
A blank line always separates block quotes:
.
> foo
> bar
.
foo
bar
.
(Most current Markdown implementations, including John Gruber's
original `Markdown.pl`, will parse this example as a single block quote
with two paragraphs. But it seems better to allow the author to decide
whether two block quotes or one are wanted.)
Consecutiveness means that if we put these block quotes together,
we get a single block quote:
.
> foo
> bar
.
foo
bar
.
To get a block quote with two paragraphs, use:
.
> foo
>
> bar
.
foo
bar
.
Block quotes can interrupt paragraphs:
.
foo
> bar
.
foo
bar
.
In general, blank lines are not needed before or after block
quotes:
.
> aaa
***
> bbb
.
aaa
bbb
.
However, because of laziness, a blank line is needed between
a block quote and a following paragraph:
.
> bar
baz
.
bar
baz
.
.
> bar
baz
.
bar
baz
.
.
> bar
>
baz
.
bar
baz
.
It is a consequence of the Laziness rule that any number
of initial `>`s may be omitted on a continuation line of a
nested block quote:
.
> > > foo
bar
.
foo
bar
.
.
>>> foo
> bar
>>baz
.
foo
bar
baz
.
When including an indented code block in a block quote,
remember that the [block quote marker] includes
both the `>` and a following space. So *five spaces* are needed after
the `>`:
.
> code
> not code
.
code
not code
.
## List items
A [list marker](@list-marker) is a
[bullet list marker] or an [ordered list marker].
A [bullet list marker](@bullet-list-marker)
is a `-`, `+`, or `*` character.
An [ordered list marker](@ordered-list-marker)
is a sequence of one of more digits (`0-9`), followed by either a
`.` character or a `)` character.
The following rules define [list items](@list-item):
1. **Basic case.** If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitute a sequence of
blocks *Bs* starting with a [non-space character] and not separated
from each other by more than one blank line, and *M* is a list
marker *M* of width *W* followed by 0 < *N* < 5 spaces, then the result
of prepending *M* and the following spaces to the first line of
*Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines of *Ls* by *W + N* spaces, is a
list item with *Bs* as its contents. The type of the list item
(bullet or ordered) is determined by the type of its list marker.
If the list item is ordered, then it is also assigned a start
number, based on the ordered list marker.
For example, let *Ls* be the lines
.
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
And let *M* be the marker `1.`, and *N* = 2. Then rule #1 says
that the following is an ordered list item with start number 1,
and the same contents as *Ls*:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
-
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
The most important thing to notice is that the position of
the text after the list marker determines how much indentation
is needed in subsequent blocks in the list item. If the list
marker takes up two spaces, and there are three spaces between
the list marker and the next [non-space character], then blocks
must be indented five spaces in order to fall under the list
item.
Here are some examples showing how far content must be indented to be
put under the list item:
.
- one
two
.
two
.
.
- one
two
.
.
.
- one
two
.
two
.
.
- one
two
.
.
It is tempting to think of this in terms of columns: the continuation
blocks must be indented at least to the column of the first
[non-space character] after the list marker. However, that is not quite right.
The spaces after the list marker determine how much relative indentation
is needed. Which column this indentation reaches will depend on
how the list item is embedded in other constructions, as shown by
this example:
.
> > 1. one
>>
>> two
.
-
one
two
.
Here `two` occurs in the same column as the list marker `1.`,
but is actually contained in the list item, because there is
sufficent indentation after the last containing blockquote marker.
The converse is also possible. In the following example, the word `two`
occurs far to the right of the initial text of the list item, `one`, but
it is not considered part of the list item, because it is not indented
far enough past the blockquote marker:
.
>>- one
>>
> > two
.
two
.
A list item may not contain blocks that are separated by more than
one blank line. Thus, two blank lines will end a list, unless the
two blanks are contained in a [fenced code block].
.
- foo
bar
- foo
bar
- ```
foo
bar
```
- baz
+ ```
foo
bar
```
.
bar
.
A list item may contain any kind of block:
.
1. foo
```
bar
```
baz
> bam
.
-
foo
bar
baz
bam
.
2. **Item starting with indented code.** If a sequence of lines *Ls*
constitute a sequence of blocks *Bs* starting with an indented code
block and not separated from each other by more than one blank line,
and *M* is a list marker *M* of width *W* followed by
one space, then the result of prepending *M* and the following
space to the first line of *Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines of
*Ls* by *W + 1* spaces, is a list item with *Bs* as its contents.
If a line is empty, then it need not be indented. The type of the
list item (bullet or ordered) is determined by the type of its list
marker. If the list item is ordered, then it is also assigned a
start number, based on the ordered list marker.
An indented code block will have to be indented four spaces beyond
the edge of the region where text will be included in the list item.
In the following case that is 6 spaces:
.
- foo
bar
.
.
And in this case it is 11 spaces:
.
10. foo
bar
.
-
foo
bar
.
If the *first* block in the list item is an indented code block,
then by rule #2, the contents must be indented *one* space after the
list marker:
.
indented code
paragraph
more code
.
indented code
paragraph
more code
.
.
1. indented code
paragraph
more code
.
-
indented code
paragraph
more code
.
Note that an additional space indent is interpreted as space
inside the code block:
.
1. indented code
paragraph
more code
.
-
indented code
paragraph
more code
.
Note that rules #1 and #2 only apply to two cases: (a) cases
in which the lines to be included in a list item begin with a
[non-space character], and (b) cases in which
they begin with an indented code
block. In a case like the following, where the first block begins with
a three-space indent, the rules do not allow us to form a list item by
indenting the whole thing and prepending a list marker:
.
foo
bar
.
foo
bar
.
.
- foo
bar
.
bar
.
This is not a significant restriction, because when a block begins
with 1-3 spaces indent, the indentation can always be removed without
a change in interpretation, allowing rule #1 to be applied. So, in
the above case:
.
- foo
bar
.
.
3. **Empty list item.** A [list marker] followed by a
line containing only [whitespace] is a list item with no contents.
Here is an empty bullet list item:
.
- foo
-
- bar
.
.
It does not matter whether there are spaces following the [list marker]:
.
- foo
-
- bar
.
.
Here is an empty ordered list item:
.
1. foo
2.
3. bar
.
- foo
- bar
.
A list may start or end with an empty list item:
.
*
.
.
4. **Indentation.** If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitutes a list item
according to rule #1, #2, or #3, then the result of indenting each line
of *L* by 1-3 spaces (the same for each line) also constitutes a
list item with the same contents and attributes. If a line is
empty, then it need not be indented.
Indented one space:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
-
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
Indented two spaces:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
-
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
Indented three spaces:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
-
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
Four spaces indent gives a code block:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
5. **Laziness.** If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a [list
item] with contents *Bs*, then the result of deleting
some or all of the indentation from one or more lines in which the
next [non-space character] after the indentation is
[paragraph continuation text] is a
list item with the same contents and attributes. The unindented
lines are called
[lazy continuation lines](@lazy-continuation-line).
Here is an example with [lazy continuation line]s:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
> A block quote.
.
-
A paragraph
with two lines.
indented code
A block quote.
.
Indentation can be partially deleted:
.
1. A paragraph
with two lines.
.
- A paragraph
with two lines.
.
These examples show how laziness can work in nested structures:
.
> 1. > Blockquote
continued here.
.
-
Blockquote
continued here.
.
.
> 1. > Blockquote
> continued here.
.
-
Blockquote
continued here.
.
6. **That's all.** Nothing that is not counted as a list item by rules
#1--5 counts as a [list item].
The rules for sublists follow from the general rules above. A sublist
must be indented the same number of spaces a paragraph would need to be
in order to be included in the list item.
So, in this case we need two spaces indent:
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
.
.
One is not enough:
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
.
.
Here we need four, because the list marker is wider:
.
10) foo
- bar
.
- foo
.
Three is not enough:
.
10) foo
- bar
.
- foo
.
A list may be the first block in a list item:
.
- - foo
.
.
.
1. - 2. foo
.
-
.
A list item can contain a header:
.
- # Foo
- Bar
---
baz
.
.
### Motivation
John Gruber's Markdown spec says the following about list items:
1. "List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented
by up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more
spaces or a tab."
2. "To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents....
But if you don't want to, you don't have to."
3. "List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one
tab."
4. "It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs,
but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy."
5. "To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
delimiters need to be indented."
6. "To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be
indented twice — 8 spaces or two tabs."
These rules specify that a paragraph under a list item must be indented
four spaces (presumably, from the left margin, rather than the start of
the list marker, but this is not said), and that code under a list item
must be indented eight spaces instead of the usual four. They also say
that a block quote must be indented, but not by how much; however, the
example given has four spaces indentation. Although nothing is said
about other kinds of block-level content, it is certainly reasonable to
infer that *all* block elements under a list item, including other
lists, must be indented four spaces. This principle has been called the
*four-space rule*.
The four-space rule is clear and principled, and if the reference
implementation `Markdown.pl` had followed it, it probably would have
become the standard. However, `Markdown.pl` allowed paragraphs and
sublists to start with only two spaces indentation, at least on the
outer level. Worse, its behavior was inconsistent: a sublist of an
outer-level list needed two spaces indentation, but a sublist of this
sublist needed three spaces. It is not surprising, then, that different
implementations of Markdown have developed very different rules for
determining what comes under a list item. (Pandoc and python-Markdown,
for example, stuck with Gruber's syntax description and the four-space
rule, while discount, redcarpet, marked, PHP Markdown, and others
followed `Markdown.pl`'s behavior more closely.)
Unfortunately, given the divergences between implementations, there
is no way to give a spec for list items that will be guaranteed not
to break any existing documents. However, the spec given here should
correctly handle lists formatted with either the four-space rule or
the more forgiving `Markdown.pl` behavior, provided they are laid out
in a way that is natural for a human to read.
The strategy here is to let the width and indentation of the list marker
determine the indentation necessary for blocks to fall under the list
item, rather than having a fixed and arbitrary number. The writer can
think of the body of the list item as a unit which gets indented to the
right enough to fit the list marker (and any indentation on the list
marker). (The laziness rule, #5, then allows continuation lines to be
unindented if needed.)
This rule is superior, we claim, to any rule requiring a fixed level of
indentation from the margin. The four-space rule is clear but
unnatural. It is quite unintuitive that
``` markdown
- foo
bar
- baz
```
should be parsed as two lists with an intervening paragraph,
``` html
bar
```
as the four-space rule demands, rather than a single list,
``` html
```
The choice of four spaces is arbitrary. It can be learned, but it is
not likely to be guessed, and it trips up beginners regularly.
Would it help to adopt a two-space rule? The problem is that such
a rule, together with the rule allowing 1--3 spaces indentation of the
initial list marker, allows text that is indented *less than* the
original list marker to be included in the list item. For example,
`Markdown.pl` parses
``` markdown
- one
two
```
as a single list item, with `two` a continuation paragraph:
``` html
```
and similarly
``` markdown
> - one
>
> two
```
as
``` html
```
This is extremely unintuitive.
Rather than requiring a fixed indent from the margin, we could require
a fixed indent (say, two spaces, or even one space) from the list marker (which
may itself be indented). This proposal would remove the last anomaly
discussed. Unlike the spec presented above, it would count the following
as a list item with a subparagraph, even though the paragraph `bar`
is not indented as far as the first paragraph `foo`:
``` markdown
10. foo
bar
```
Arguably this text does read like a list item with `bar` as a subparagraph,
which may count in favor of the proposal. However, on this proposal indented
code would have to be indented six spaces after the list marker. And this
would break a lot of existing Markdown, which has the pattern:
``` markdown
1. foo
indented code
```
where the code is indented eight spaces. The spec above, by contrast, will
parse this text as expected, since the code block's indentation is measured
from the beginning of `foo`.
The one case that needs special treatment is a list item that *starts*
with indented code. How much indentation is required in that case, since
we don't have a "first paragraph" to measure from? Rule #2 simply stipulates
that in such cases, we require one space indentation from the list marker
(and then the normal four spaces for the indented code). This will match the
four-space rule in cases where the list marker plus its initial indentation
takes four spaces (a common case), but diverge in other cases.
## Lists
A [list](@list) is a sequence of one or more
list items [of the same type]. The list items
may be separated by single [blank lines], but two
blank lines end all containing lists.
Two list items are [of the same type](@of-the-same-type)
if they begin with a [list marker] of the same type.
Two list markers are of the
same type if (a) they are bullet list markers using the same character
(`-`, `+`, or `*`) or (b) they are ordered list numbers with the same
delimiter (either `.` or `)`).
A list is an [ordered list](@ordered-list)
if its constituent list items begin with
[ordered list marker]s, and a
[bullet list](@bullet-list) if its constituent list
items begin with [bullet list marker]s.
The [start number](@start-number)
of an [ordered list] is determined by the list number of
its initial list item. The numbers of subsequent list items are
disregarded.
A list is [loose](@loose) if it any of its constituent
list items are separated by blank lines, or if any of its constituent
list items directly contain two block-level elements with a blank line
between them. Otherwise a list is [tight](@tight).
(The difference in HTML output is that paragraphs in a loose list are
wrapped in `` tags, while paragraphs in a tight list are not.)
Changing the bullet or ordered list delimiter starts a new list:
.
- foo
- bar
+ baz
.
.
.
1. foo
2. bar
3) baz
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
.
In CommonMark, a list can interrupt a paragraph. That is,
no blank line is needed to separate a paragraph from a following
list:
.
Foo
- bar
- baz
.
Foo
.
`Markdown.pl` does not allow this, through fear of triggering a list
via a numeral in a hard-wrapped line:
.
The number of windows in my house is
14. The number of doors is 6.
.
The number of windows in my house is
- The number of doors is 6.
.
Oddly, `Markdown.pl` *does* allow a blockquote to interrupt a paragraph,
even though the same considerations might apply. We think that the two
cases should be treated the same. Here are two reasons for allowing
lists to interrupt paragraphs:
First, it is natural and not uncommon for people to start lists without
blank lines:
I need to buy
- new shoes
- a coat
- a plane ticket
Second, we are attracted to a
> [principle of uniformity](@principle-of-uniformity):
> if a chunk of text has a certain
> meaning, it will continue to have the same meaning when put into a
> container block (such as a list item or blockquote).
(Indeed, the spec for [list items] and [block quotes] presupposes
this principle.) This principle implies that if
* I need to buy
- new shoes
- a coat
- a plane ticket
is a list item containing a paragraph followed by a nested sublist,
as all Markdown implementations agree it is (though the paragraph
may be rendered without `` tags, since the list is "tight"),
then
I need to buy
- new shoes
- a coat
- a plane ticket
by itself should be a paragraph followed by a nested sublist.
Our adherence to the [principle of uniformity]
thus inclines us to think that there are two coherent packages:
1. Require blank lines before *all* lists and blockquotes,
including lists that occur as sublists inside other list items.
2. Require blank lines in none of these places.
[reStructuredText](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html) takes
the first approach, for which there is much to be said. But the second
seems more consistent with established practice with Markdown.
There can be blank lines between items, but two blank lines end
a list:
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
.
.
As illustrated above in the section on [list items],
two blank lines between blocks *within* a list item will also end a
list:
.
- foo
bar
- baz
.
bar
.
Indeed, two blank lines will end *all* containing lists:
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
bim
.
bim
.
Thus, two blank lines can be used to separate consecutive lists of
the same type, or to separate a list from an indented code block
that would otherwise be parsed as a subparagraph of the final list
item:
.
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bim
.
.
.
- foo
notcode
- foo
code
.
code
.
List items need not be indented to the same level. The following
list items will be treated as items at the same list level,
since none is indented enough to belong to the previous list
item:
.
- a
- b
- c
- d
- e
- f
- g
.
.
This is a loose list, because there is a blank line between
two of the list items:
.
- a
- b
- c
.
.
So is this, with a empty second item:
.
* a
*
* c
.
.
These are loose lists, even though there is no space between the items,
because one of the items directly contains two block-level elements
with a blank line between them:
.
- a
- b
c
- d
.
.
.
- a
- b
[ref]: /url
- d
.
.
This is a tight list, because the blank lines are in a code block:
.
- a
- ```
b
```
- c
.
.
This is a tight list, because the blank line is between two
paragraphs of a sublist. So the sublist is loose while
the outer list is tight:
.
- a
- b
c
- d
.
.
This is a tight list, because the blank line is inside the
block quote:
.
* a
> b
>
* c
.
.
This list is tight, because the consecutive block elements
are not separated by blank lines:
.
- a
> b
```
c
```
- d
.
.
A single-paragraph list is tight:
.
- a
.
.
.
- a
- b
.
.
Here the outer list is loose, the inner list tight:
.
* foo
* bar
baz
.
.
.
- a
- b
- c
- d
- e
- f
.
.
# Inlines
Inlines are parsed sequentially from the beginning of the character
stream to the end (left to right, in left-to-right languages).
Thus, for example, in
.
`hi`lo`
.
hi
lo`
.
`hi` is parsed as code, leaving the backtick at the end as a literal
backtick.
## Backslash escapes
Any ASCII punctuation character may be backslash-escaped:
.
\!\"\#\$\%\&\'\(\)\*\+\,\-\.\/\:\;\<\=\>\?\@\[\\\]\^\_\`\{\|\}\~
.
!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
.
Backslashes before other characters are treated as literal
backslashes:
.
\→\A\a\ \3\φ\«
.
\ \A\a\ \3\φ\«
.
Escaped characters are treated as regular characters and do
not have their usual Markdown meanings:
.
\*not emphasized*
\
not a tag
\[not a link](/foo)
\`not code`
1\. not a list
\* not a list
\# not a header
\[foo]: /url "not a reference"
.
*not emphasized*
<br/> not a tag
[not a link](/foo)
`not code`
1. not a list
* not a list
# not a header
[foo]: /url "not a reference"
.
If a backslash is itself escaped, the following character is not:
.
\\*emphasis*
.
\emphasis
.
A backslash at the end of the line is a [hard line break]:
.
foo\
bar
.
foo
bar
.
Backslash escapes do not work in code blocks, code spans, autolinks, or
raw HTML:
.
`` \[\` ``
.
\[\`
.
.
\[\]
.
\[\]
.
.
~~~
\[\]
~~~
.
\[\]
.
.
.
http://example.com?find=\*
.
.
.
.
But they work in all other contexts, including URLs and link titles,
link references, and info strings in [fenced code block]s:
.
[foo](/bar\* "ti\*tle")
.
foo
.
.
[foo]
[foo]: /bar\* "ti\*tle"
.
foo
.
.
``` foo\+bar
foo
```
.
foo
.
## Entities
With the goal of making this standard as HTML-agnostic as possible, all
valid HTML entities in any context are recognized as such and
converted into unicode characters before they are stored in the AST.
This allows implementations that target HTML output to trivially escape
the entities when generating HTML, and simplifies the job of
implementations targetting other languages, as these will only need to
handle the unicode chars and need not be HTML-entity aware.
[Named entities](@name-entities) consist of `&`
+ any of the valid HTML5 entity names + `;`. The
[following document](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/entities.json)
is used as an authoritative source of the valid entity names and their
corresponding codepoints.
Conforming implementations that target HTML don't need to generate
entities for all the valid named entities that exist, with the exception
of `"` (`"`), `&` (`&`), `<` (`<`) and `>` (`>`), which
always need to be written as entities for security reasons.
.
& © Æ Ď ¾ ℋ ⅆ ∲
.
& © Æ Ď ¾ ℋ ⅆ ∲
.
[Decimal entities](@decimal-entities)
consist of `` + a string of 1--8 arabic digits + `;`. Again, these
entities need to be recognised and tranformed into their corresponding
UTF8 codepoints. Invalid Unicode codepoints will be written as the
"unknown codepoint" character (`0xFFFD`)
.
# Ӓ Ϡ
.
# Ӓ Ϡ �
.
[Hexadecimal entities](@hexadecimal-entities)
consist of `` + either `X` or `x` + a string of 1-8 hexadecimal digits
+ `;`. They will also be parsed and turned into their corresponding UTF8 values in the AST.
.
" ആ ಫ
.
" ആ ಫ
.
Here are some nonentities:
.
  &x; &ThisIsWayTooLongToBeAnEntityIsntIt; &hi?;
.
  &x; &#; &#x; &ThisIsWayTooLongToBeAnEntityIsntIt; &hi?;
.
Although HTML5 does accept some entities without a trailing semicolon
(such as `©`), these are not recognized as entities here, because it
makes the grammar too ambiguous:
.
©
.
©
.
Strings that are not on the list of HTML5 named entities are not
recognized as entities either:
.
&MadeUpEntity;
.
&MadeUpEntity;
.
Entities are recognized in any context besides code spans or
code blocks, including raw HTML, URLs, [link title]s, and
[fenced code block] info strings:
.
.
.
.
[foo](/föö "föö")
.
foo
.
.
[foo]
[foo]: /föö "föö"
.
foo
.
.
``` föö
foo
```
.
foo
.
Entities are treated as literal text in code spans and code blocks:
.
`föö`
.
föö
.
.
föfö
.
föfö
.
## Code span
A [backtick string](@backtick-string)
is a string of one or more backtick characters (`` ` ``) that is neither
preceded nor followed by a backtick.
A [code span](@code-span) begins with a backtick string and ends with
a backtick string of equal length. The contents of the code span are
the characters between the two backtick strings, with leading and
trailing spaces and [line ending]s removed, and
[whitespace] collapsed to single spaces.
This is a simple code span:
.
`foo`
.
foo
.
Here two backticks are used, because the code contains a backtick.
This example also illustrates stripping of leading and trailing spaces:
.
`` foo ` bar ``
.
foo ` bar
.
This example shows the motivation for stripping leading and trailing
spaces:
.
` `` `
.
``
.
[Line ending]s are treated like spaces:
.
``
foo
``
.
foo
.
Interior spaces and [line ending]s are collapsed into
single spaces, just as they would be by a browser:
.
`foo bar
baz`
.
foo bar baz
.
Q: Why not just leave the spaces, since browsers will collapse them
anyway? A: Because we might be targeting a non-HTML format, and we
shouldn't rely on HTML-specific rendering assumptions.
(Existing implementations differ in their treatment of internal
spaces and [line ending]s. Some, including `Markdown.pl` and
`showdown`, convert an internal [line ending] into a
`
` tag. But this makes things difficult for those who like to
hard-wrap their paragraphs, since a line break in the midst of a code
span will cause an unintended line break in the output. Others just
leave internal spaces as they are, which is fine if only HTML is being
targeted.)
.
`foo `` bar`
.
foo `` bar
.
Note that backslash escapes do not work in code spans. All backslashes
are treated literally:
.
`foo\`bar`
.
foo\
bar`
.
Backslash escapes are never needed, because one can always choose a
string of *n* backtick characters as delimiters, where the code does
not contain any strings of exactly *n* backtick characters.
Code span backticks have higher precedence than any other inline
constructs except HTML tags and autolinks. Thus, for example, this is
not parsed as emphasized text, since the second `*` is part of a code
span:
.
*foo`*`
.
*foo*
.
And this is not parsed as a link:
.
[not a `link](/foo`)
.
[not a link](/foo
)
.
But this is a link:
.
`
.
http://foo.bar.`baz`
.
And this is an HTML tag:
.
`
.
`
.
When a backtick string is not closed by a matching backtick string,
we just have literal backticks:
.
```foo``
.
```foo``
.
.
`foo
.
`foo
.
## Emphasis and strong emphasis
John Gruber's original [Markdown syntax
description](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#em) says:
> Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
> emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an HTML
> `` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML ``
> tag.
This is enough for most users, but these rules leave much undecided,
especially when it comes to nested emphasis. The original
`Markdown.pl` test suite makes it clear that triple `***` and
`___` delimiters can be used for strong emphasis, and most
implementations have also allowed the following patterns:
``` markdown
***strong emph***
***strong** in emph*
***emph* in strong**
**in strong *emph***
*in emph **strong***
```
The following patterns are less widely supported, but the intent
is clear and they are useful (especially in contexts like bibliography
entries):
``` markdown
*emph *with emph* in it*
**strong **with strong** in it**
```
Many implementations have also restricted intraword emphasis to
the `*` forms, to avoid unwanted emphasis in words containing
internal underscores. (It is best practice to put these in code
spans, but users often do not.)
``` markdown
internal emphasis: foo*bar*baz
no emphasis: foo_bar_baz
```
The rules given below capture all of these patterns, while allowing
for efficient parsing strategies that do not backtrack.
First, some definitions. A [delimiter run](@delimiter-run) is either
a sequence of one or more `*` characters that is not preceded or
followed by a `*` character, or a sequence of one or more `_`
characters that is not preceded or followed by a `_` character.
A [left-flanking delimiter run](@left-flanking-delimiter-run) is
a [delimiter run] that is (a) not followed by [unicode whitespace],
and (b) either not followed by a [punctuation character], or
preceded by [unicode whitespace] or a [punctuation character].
A [right-flanking delimiter run](@right-flanking-delimiter-run) is
a [delimiter run] that is (a) not preceded by [unicode whitespace],
and (b) either not preceded by a [punctuation character], or
followed by [unicode whitespace] or a [punctuation character].
Here are some examples of delimiter runs.
- left-flanking but not right-flanking:
```
***abc
_abc
**"abc"
_"abc"
```
- right-flanking but not left-flanking:
```
abc***
abc_
"abc"**
_"abc"
```
- Both right and right-flanking:
```
abc***def
"abc"_"def"
```
- Neither right nor right-flanking:
```
abc *** def
a _ b
```
(The idea of distinguishing left-flanking and right-flanking
delimiter runs based on the character before and the character
after comes from Roopesh Chander's
[vfmd](http://www.vfmd.org/vfmd-spec/specification/#procedure-for-identifying-emphasis-tags).
vfmd uses the terminology "emphasis indicator string" instead of "delimiter
run," and its rules for distinguishing left- and right-flanking runs
are a bit more complex than the ones given here.)
The following rules define emphasis and strong emphasis:
1. A single `*` character [can open emphasis](@can-open-emphasis)
iff it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run].
2. A single `_` character [can open emphasis] iff
it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
and is not preceded by an ASCII alphanumeric character.
3. A single `*` character [can close emphasis](@can-close-emphasis)
iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run].
4. A single `_` character [can close emphasis]
iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run].
and it is not followed by an ASCII alphanumeric character.
5. A double `**` [can open strong emphasis](@can-open-strong-emphasis)
iff it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run].
6. A double `__` [can open strong emphasis]
iff it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
and is not preceded by an ASCII alphanumeric character.
7. A double `**` [can close strong emphasis](@can-close-strong-emphasis)
iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run].
8. A double `__` [can close strong emphasis]
iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
and is not followed by an ASCII alphanumeric character.
9. Emphasis begins with a delimiter that [can open emphasis] and ends
with a delimiter that [can close emphasis], and that uses the same
character (`_` or `*`) as the opening delimiter. There must
be a nonempty sequence of inlines between the open delimiter
and the closing delimiter; these form the contents of the emphasis
inline.
10. Strong emphasis begins with a delimiter that
[can open strong emphasis] and ends with a delimiter that
[can close strong emphasis], and that uses the same character
(`_` or `*`) as the opening delimiter.
There must be a nonempty sequence of inlines between the open
delimiter and the closing delimiter; these form the contents of
the strong emphasis inline.
11. A literal `*` character cannot occur at the beginning or end of
`*`-delimited emphasis or `**`-delimited strong emphasis, unless it
is backslash-escaped.
12. A literal `_` character cannot occur at the beginning or end of
`_`-delimited emphasis or `__`-delimited strong emphasis, unless it
is backslash-escaped.
Where rules 1--12 above are compatible with multiple parsings,
the following principles resolve ambiguity:
13. The number of nestings should be minimized. Thus, for example,
an interpretation `...` is always preferred to
`...`.
14. An interpretation `...` is always
preferred to `..`.
15. When two potential emphasis or strong emphasis spans overlap,
so that the second begins before the first ends and ends after
the first ends, the first takes precedence. Thus, for example,
`*foo _bar* baz_` is parsed as `foo _bar baz_` rather
than `*foo bar* baz`. For the same reason,
`**foo*bar**` is parsed as `foobar*`
rather than `foo*bar`.
16. When there are two potential emphasis or strong emphasis spans
with the same closing delimiter, the shorter one (the one that
opens later) takes precedence. Thus, for example,
`**foo **bar baz**` is parsed as `**foo bar baz`
rather than `foo **bar baz`.
17. Inline code spans, links, images, and HTML tags group more tightly
than emphasis. So, when there is a choice between an interpretation
that contains one of these elements and one that does not, the
former always wins. Thus, for example, `*[foo*](bar)` is
parsed as `*foo*` rather than as
`[foo](bar)`.
These rules can be illustrated through a series of examples.
Rule 1:
.
*foo bar*
.
foo bar
.
This is not emphasis, because the opening `*` is followed by
whitespace, and hence not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
.
a * foo bar*
.
a * foo bar*
.
This is not emphasis, because the opening `*` is preceded
by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation, and hence
not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
.
a*"foo"*
.
a*"foo"*
.
Unicode nonbreaking spaces count as whitespace, too:
.
* a *
.
* a *
.
Intraword emphasis with `*` is permitted:
.
foo*bar*
.
foobar
.
.
5*6*78
.
5678
.
Rule 2:
.
_foo bar_
.
foo bar
.
This is not emphasis, because the opening `*` is followed by
whitespace:
.
_ foo bar_
.
_ foo bar_
.
This is not emphasis, because the opening `_` is preceded
by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation:
.
a_"foo"_
.
a_"foo"_
.
Emphasis with `_` is not allowed inside ASCII words:
.
foo_bar_
.
foo_bar_
.
.
5_6_78
.
5_6_78
.
But it is permitted inside non-ASCII words:
.
пристаням_стремятся_
.
пристанямстремятся
.
Rule 3:
This is not emphasis, because the closing delimiter does
not match the opening delimiter:
.
_foo*
.
_foo*
.
This is not emphasis, because the closing `*` is preceded by
whitespace:
.
*foo bar *
.
*foo bar *
.
This is not emphasis, because the second `*` is
preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric
(hence it is not part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]:
.
*(*foo)
.
*(*foo)
.
The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
with this example:
.
*(*foo*)*
.
(foo)
.
Intraword emphasis with `*` is allowed:
.
*foo*bar
.
foobar
.
Rule 4:
This is not emphasis, because the closing `_` is preceded by
whitespace:
.
_foo bar _
.
_foo bar _
.
This is not emphasis, because the second `_` is
preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
.
_(_foo)
.
_(_foo)
.
This is emphasis within emphasis:
.
_(_foo_)_
.
(foo)
.
Intraword emphasis is disallowed for `_`:
.
_foo_bar
.
_foo_bar
.
.
_пристаням_стремятся
.
пристанямстремятся
.
.
_foo_bar_baz_
.
foo_bar_baz
.
Rule 5:
.
**foo bar**
.
foo bar
.
This is not strong emphasis, because the opening delimiter is
followed by whitespace:
.
** foo bar**
.
** foo bar**
.
This is not strong emphasis, because the opening `**` is preceded
by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation, and hence
not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
.
a**"foo"**
.
a**"foo"**
.
Intraword strong emphasis with `**` is permitted:
.
foo**bar**
.
foobar
.
Rule 6:
.
__foo bar__
.
foo bar
.
This is not strong emphasis, because the opening delimiter is
followed by whitespace:
.
__ foo bar__
.
__ foo bar__
.
This is not strong emphasis, because the opening `__` is preceded
by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation:
.
a__"foo"__
.
a__"foo"__
.
Intraword strong emphasis is forbidden with `__`:
.
foo__bar__
.
foo__bar__
.
.
5__6__78
.
5__6__78
.
.
пристаням__стремятся__
.
пристанямстремятся
.
.
__foo, __bar__, baz__
.
foo, bar, baz
.
Rule 7:
This is not strong emphasis, because the closing delimiter is preceded
by whitespace:
.
**foo bar **
.
**foo bar **
.
(Nor can it be interpreted as an emphasized `*foo bar *`, because of
Rule 11.)
This is not strong emphasis, because the second `**` is
preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
.
**(**foo)
.
**(**foo)
.
The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
with these examples:
.
*(**foo**)*
.
(foo)
.
.
**Gomphocarpus (*Gomphocarpus physocarpus*, syn.
*Asclepias physocarpa*)**
.
Gomphocarpus (Gomphocarpus physocarpus, syn.
Asclepias physocarpa)
.
.
**foo "*bar*" foo**
.
foo "bar" foo
.
Intraword emphasis:
.
**foo**bar
.
foobar
.
Rule 8:
This is not strong emphasis, because the closing delimiter is
preceded by whitespace:
.
__foo bar __
.
__foo bar __
.
This is not strong emphasis, because the second `__` is
preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
.
__(__foo)
.
__(__foo)
.
The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
with this example:
.
_(__foo__)_
.
(foo)
.
Intraword strong emphasis is forbidden with `__`:
.
__foo__bar
.
__foo__bar
.
.
__пристаням__стремятся
.
пристанямстремятся
.
.
__foo__bar__baz__
.
foo__bar__baz
.
Rule 9:
Any nonempty sequence of inline elements can be the contents of an
emphasized span.
.
*foo [bar](/url)*
.
foo bar
.
.
*foo
bar*
.
foo
bar
.
In particular, emphasis and strong emphasis can be nested
inside emphasis:
.
_foo __bar__ baz_
.
foo bar baz
.
.
_foo _bar_ baz_
.
foo bar baz
.
.
__foo_ bar_
.
foo bar
.
.
*foo *bar**
.
foo bar
.
.
*foo **bar** baz*
.
foo bar baz
.
But note:
.
*foo**bar**baz*
.
foobarbaz
.
The difference is that in the preceding case, the internal delimiters
[can close emphasis], while in the cases with spaces, they cannot.
.
***foo** bar*
.
foo bar
.
.
*foo **bar***
.
foo bar
.
Note, however, that in the following case we get no strong
emphasis, because the opening delimiter is closed by the first
`*` before `bar`:
.
*foo**bar***
.
foobar**
.
Indefinite levels of nesting are possible:
.
*foo **bar *baz* bim** bop*
.
foo bar baz bim bop
.
.
*foo [*bar*](/url)*
.
foo bar
.
There can be no empty emphasis or strong emphasis:
.
** is not an empty emphasis
.
** is not an empty emphasis
.
.
**** is not an empty strong emphasis
.
**** is not an empty strong emphasis
.
Rule 10:
Any nonempty sequence of inline elements can be the contents of an
strongly emphasized span.
.
**foo [bar](/url)**
.
foo bar
.
.
**foo
bar**
.
foo
bar
.
In particular, emphasis and strong emphasis can be nested
inside strong emphasis:
.
__foo _bar_ baz__
.
foo bar baz
.
.
__foo __bar__ baz__
.
foo bar baz
.
.
____foo__ bar__
.
foo bar
.
.
**foo **bar****
.
foo bar
.
.
**foo *bar* baz**
.
foo bar baz
.
But note:
.
**foo*bar*baz**
.
foobarbaz**
.
The difference is that in the preceding case, the internal delimiters
[can close emphasis], while in the cases with spaces, they cannot.
.
***foo* bar**
.
foo bar
.
.
**foo *bar***
.
foo bar
.
Indefinite levels of nesting are possible:
.
**foo *bar **baz**
bim* bop**
.
foo bar baz
bim bop
.
.
**foo [*bar*](/url)**
.
foo bar
.
There can be no empty emphasis or strong emphasis:
.
__ is not an empty emphasis
.
__ is not an empty emphasis
.
.
____ is not an empty strong emphasis
.
____ is not an empty strong emphasis
.
Rule 11:
.
foo ***
.
foo ***
.
.
foo *\**
.
foo *
.
.
foo *_*
.
foo _
.
.
foo *****
.
foo *****
.
.
foo **\***
.
foo *
.
.
foo **_**
.
foo _
.
Note that when delimiters do not match evenly, Rule 11 determines
that the excess literal `*` characters will appear outside of the
emphasis, rather than inside it:
.
**foo*
.
*foo
.
.
*foo**
.
foo*
.
.
***foo**
.
*foo
.
.
****foo*
.
***foo
.
.
**foo***
.
foo*
.
.
*foo****
.
foo***
.
Rule 12:
.
foo ___
.
foo ___
.
.
foo _\__
.
foo _
.
.
foo _*_
.
foo *
.
.
foo _____
.
foo _____
.
.
foo __\___
.
foo _
.
.
foo __*__
.
foo *
.
.
__foo_
.
_foo
.
Note that when delimiters do not match evenly, Rule 12 determines
that the excess literal `_` characters will appear outside of the
emphasis, rather than inside it:
.
_foo__
.
foo_
.
.
___foo__
.
_foo
.
.
____foo_
.
___foo
.
.
__foo___
.
foo_
.
.
_foo____
.
foo___
.
Rule 13 implies that if you want emphasis nested directly inside
emphasis, you must use different delimiters:
.
**foo**
.
foo
.
.
*_foo_*
.
foo
.
.
__foo__
.
foo
.
.
_*foo*_
.
foo
.
However, strong emphasis within strong emphasisis possible without
switching delimiters:
.
****foo****
.
foo
.
.
____foo____
.
foo
.
Rule 13 can be applied to arbitrarily long sequences of
delimiters:
.
******foo******
.
foo
.
Rule 14:
.
***foo***
.
foo
.
.
_____foo_____
.
foo
.
Rule 15:
.
*foo _bar* baz_
.
foo _bar baz_
.
.
**foo*bar**
.
foobar*
.
Rule 16:
.
**foo **bar baz**
.
**foo bar baz
.
.
*foo *bar baz*
.
*foo bar baz
.
Rule 17:
.
*[bar*](/url)
.
*bar*
.
.
_foo [bar_](/url)
.
_foo bar_
.
.
*
.
*![*](foo)
.
.
**
.
**
.
.
__
.
__
.
.
*a `*`*
.
a *
.
.
_a `_`_
.
a _
.
.
**a
.
**ahttp://foo.bar?q=**
.
.
__a
.
__ahttp://foo.bar?q=__
.
## Links
A link contains [link text] (the visible text), a [link destination]
(the URI that is the link destination), and optionally a [link title].
There are two basic kinds of links in Markdown. In [inline link]s the
destination and title are given immediately after the link text. In
[reference link]s the destination and title are defined elsewhere in
the document.
A [link text](@link-text) consists of a sequence of zero or more
inline elements enclosed by square brackets (`[` and `]`). The
following rules apply:
- Links may not contain other links, at any level of nesting.
- Brackets are allowed in the [link text] only if (a) they
are backslash-escaped or (b) they appear as a matched pair of brackets,
with an open bracket `[`, a sequence of zero or more inlines, and
a close bracket `]`.
- Backtick [code span]s, [autolink]s, and raw [HTML tag]s bind more tightly
than the brackets in link text. Thus, for example,
`` [foo`]` `` could not be a link text, since the second `]`
is part of a code span.
- The brackets in link text bind more tightly than markers for
[emphasis and strong emphasis]. Thus, for example, `*[foo*](url)` is a link.
A [link destination](@link-destination) consists of either
- a sequence of zero or more characters between an opening `<` and a
closing `>` that contains no line breaks or unescaped `<` or `>`
characters, or
- a nonempty sequence of characters that does not include
ASCII space or control characters, and includes parentheses
only if (a) they are backslash-escaped or (b) they are part of
a balanced pair of unescaped parentheses that is not itself
inside a balanced pair of unescaped paretheses.
A [link title](@link-title) consists of either
- a sequence of zero or more characters between straight double-quote
characters (`"`), including a `"` character only if it is
backslash-escaped, or
- a sequence of zero or more characters between straight single-quote
characters (`'`), including a `'` character only if it is
backslash-escaped, or
- a sequence of zero or more characters between matching parentheses
(`(...)`), including a `)` character only if it is backslash-escaped.
An [inline link](@inline-link) consists of a [link text] followed immediately
by a left parenthesis `(`, optional [whitespace], an optional
[link destination], an optional [link title] separated from the link
destination by [whitespace], optional [whitespace], and a right
parenthesis `)`. The link's text consists of the inlines contained
in the [link text] (excluding the enclosing square brackets).
The link's URI consists of the link destination, excluding enclosing
`<...>` if present, with backslash-escapes in effect as described
above. The link's title consists of the link title, excluding its
enclosing delimiters, with backslash-escapes in effect as described
above.
Here is a simple inline link:
.
[link](/uri "title")
.
link
.
The title may be omitted:
.
[link](/uri)
.
link
.
Both the title and the destination may be omitted:
.
[link]()
.
link
.
.
[link](<>)
.
link
.
If the destination contains spaces, it must be enclosed in pointy
braces:
.
[link](/my uri)
.
[link](/my uri)
.
.
[link]()
.
link
.
The destination cannot contain line breaks, even with pointy braces:
.
[link](foo
bar)
.
[link](foo
bar)
.
One level of balanced parentheses is allowed without escaping:
.
[link]((foo)and(bar))
.
link
.
However, if you have parentheses within parentheses, you need to escape
or use the `<...>` form:
.
[link](foo(and(bar)))
.
[link](foo(and(bar)))
.
.
[link](foo(and\(bar\)))
.
link
.
.
[link]()
.
link
.
Parentheses and other symbols can also be escaped, as usual
in Markdown:
.
[link](foo\)\:)
.
link
.
URL-escaping should be left alone inside the destination, as all
URL-escaped characters are also valid URL characters. HTML entities in
the destination will be parsed into their UTF-8 codepoints, as usual, and
optionally URL-escaped when written as HTML.
.
[link](foo%20bä)
.
link
.
Note that, because titles can often be parsed as destinations,
if you try to omit the destination and keep the title, you'll
get unexpected results:
.
[link]("title")
.
link
.
Titles may be in single quotes, double quotes, or parentheses:
.
[link](/url "title")
[link](/url 'title')
[link](/url (title))
.
link
link
link
.
Backslash escapes and entities may be used in titles:
.
[link](/url "title \""")
.
link
.
Nested balanced quotes are not allowed without escaping:
.
[link](/url "title "and" title")
.
[link](/url "title "and" title")
.
But it is easy to work around this by using a different quote type:
.
[link](/url 'title "and" title')
.
link
.
(Note: `Markdown.pl` did allow double quotes inside a double-quoted
title, and its test suite included a test demonstrating this.
But it is hard to see a good rationale for the extra complexity this
brings, since there are already many ways---backslash escaping,
entities, or using a different quote type for the enclosing title---to
write titles containing double quotes. `Markdown.pl`'s handling of
titles has a number of other strange features. For example, it allows
single-quoted titles in inline links, but not reference links. And, in
reference links but not inline links, it allows a title to begin with
`"` and end with `)`. `Markdown.pl` 1.0.1 even allows titles with no closing
quotation mark, though 1.0.2b8 does not. It seems preferable to adopt
a simple, rational rule that works the same way in inline links and
link reference definitions.)
[Whitespace] is allowed around the destination and title:
.
[link]( /uri
"title" )
.
link
.
But it is not allowed between the link text and the
following parenthesis:
.
[link] (/uri)
.
[link] (/uri)
.
The link text may contain balanced brackets, but not unbalanced ones,
unless they are escaped:
.
[link [foo [bar]]](/uri)
.
link [foo [bar]]
.
.
[link] bar](/uri)
.
[link] bar](/uri)
.
.
[link [bar](/uri)
.
[link bar
.
.
[link \[bar](/uri)
.
link [bar
.
The link text may contain inline content:
.
[link *foo **bar** `#`*](/uri)
.
link foo bar #
.
.
[![moon](moon.jpg)](/uri)
.
![moon](moon.jpg)
.
However, links may not contain other links, at any level of nesting.
.
[foo [bar](/uri)](/uri)
.
[foo bar](/uri)
.
.
[foo *[bar [baz](/uri)](/uri)*](/uri)
.
[foo [bar baz](/uri)](/uri)
.
.
![[[foo](uri1)](uri2)](uri3)
.
![[foo](uri2)](uri3)
.
These cases illustrate the precedence of link text grouping over
emphasis grouping:
.
*[foo*](/uri)
.
*foo*
.
.
[foo *bar](baz*)
.
foo *bar
.
These cases illustrate the precedence of HTML tags, code spans,
and autolinks over link grouping:
.
[foo
.
[foo
.
.
[foo`](/uri)`
.
[foo](/uri)
.
.
[foo
.
[foohttp://example.com?search=](uri)
.
There are three kinds of [reference links](@reference-link):
[full](#full-reference-link), [collapsed](#collapsed-reference-link),
and [shortcut](#shortcut-reference-link).
A [full reference link](@full-reference-link)
consists of a [link text], optional [whitespace], and a [link label]
that [matches] a [link reference definition] elsewhere in the document.
A [link label](@link-label) begins with a left bracket (`[`) and ends
with the first right bracket (`]`) that is not backslash-escaped.
Unescaped square bracket characters are not allowed in
[link label]s. A link label can have at most 999
characters inside the square brackets.
One label [matches](@matches)
another just in case their normalized forms are equal. To normalize a
label, perform the *unicode case fold* and collapse consecutive internal
[whitespace] to a single space. If there are multiple
matching reference link definitions, the one that comes first in the
document is used. (It is desirable in such cases to emit a warning.)
The contents of the first link label are parsed as inlines, which are
used as the link's text. The link's URI and title are provided by the
matching [link reference definition].
Here is a simple example:
.
[foo][bar]
[bar]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
The rules for the [link text] are the same as with
[inline link]s. Thus:
The link text may contain balanced brackets, but not unbalanced ones,
unless they are escaped:
.
[link [foo [bar]]][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
link [foo [bar]]
.
.
[link \[bar][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
link [bar
.
The link text may contain inline content:
.
[link *foo **bar** `#`*][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
link foo bar #
.
.
[![moon](moon.jpg)][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
![moon](moon.jpg)
.
However, links may not contain other links, at any level of nesting.
.
[foo [bar](/uri)][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
[foo bar]ref
.
.
[foo *bar [baz][ref]*][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
[foo bar baz]ref
.
(In the examples above, we have two [shortcut reference link]s
instead of one [full reference link].)
The following cases illustrate the precedence of link text grouping over
emphasis grouping:
.
*[foo*][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
*foo*
.
.
[foo *bar][ref]
[ref]: /uri
.
foo *bar
.
These cases illustrate the precedence of HTML tags, code spans,
and autolinks over link grouping:
.
[foo
[ref]: /uri
.
[foo
.
.
[foo`][ref]`
[ref]: /uri
.
[foo][ref]
.
.
[foo
[ref]: /uri
.
[foohttp://example.com?search=][ref]
.
Matching is case-insensitive:
.
[foo][BaR]
[bar]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
Unicode case fold is used:
.
[Толпой][Толпой] is a Russian word.
[ТОЛПОЙ]: /url
.
Толпой is a Russian word.
.
Consecutive internal [whitespace] is treated as one space for
purposes of determining matching:
.
[Foo
bar]: /url
[Baz][Foo bar]
.
Baz
.
There can be [whitespace] between the [link text] and the [link label]:
.
[foo] [bar]
[bar]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
.
[foo]
[bar]
[bar]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
When there are multiple matching [link reference definition]s,
the first is used:
.
[foo]: /url1
[foo]: /url2
[bar][foo]
.
bar
.
Note that matching is performed on normalized strings, not parsed
inline content. So the following does not match, even though the
labels define equivalent inline content:
.
[bar][foo\!]
[foo!]: /url
.
[bar][foo!]
.
[Link label]s cannot contain brackets, unless they are
backslash-escaped:
.
[foo][ref[]
[ref[]: /uri
.
[foo][ref[]
[ref[]: /uri
.
.
[foo][ref[bar]]
[ref[bar]]: /uri
.
[foo][ref[bar]]
[ref[bar]]: /uri
.
.
[[[foo]]]
[[[foo]]]: /url
.
[[[foo]]]
[[[foo]]]: /url
.
.
[foo][ref\[]
[ref\[]: /uri
.
foo
.
A [collapsed reference link](@collapsed-reference-link)
consists of a [link label] that [matches] a
[link reference definition] elsewhere in the
document, optional [whitespace], and the string `[]`.
The contents of the first link label are parsed as inlines,
which are used as the link's text. The link's URI and title are
provided by the matching reference link definition. Thus,
`[foo][]` is equivalent to `[foo][foo]`.
.
[foo][]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
.
[*foo* bar][]
[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
.
foo bar
.
The link labels are case-insensitive:
.
[Foo][]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
Foo
.
As with full reference links, [whitespace] is allowed
between the two sets of brackets:
.
[foo]
[]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
A [shortcut reference link](@shortcut-reference-link)
consists of a [link label] that [matches] a
[link reference definition] elsewhere in the
document and is not followed by `[]` or a link label.
The contents of the first link label are parsed as inlines,
which are used as the link's text. the link's URI and title
are provided by the matching link reference definition.
Thus, `[foo]` is equivalent to `[foo][]`.
.
[foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
foo
.
.
[*foo* bar]
[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
.
foo bar
.
.
[[*foo* bar]]
[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
.
[foo bar]
.
The link labels are case-insensitive:
.
[Foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
Foo
.
A space after the link text should be preserved:
.
[foo] bar
[foo]: /url
.
foo bar
.
If you just want bracketed text, you can backslash-escape the
opening bracket to avoid links:
.
\[foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
[foo]
.
Note that this is a link, because a link label ends with the first
following closing bracket:
.
[foo*]: /url
*[foo*]
.
*foo*
.
This is a link too, for the same reason:
.
[foo`]: /url
[foo`]`
.
[foo]
.
Full references take precedence over shortcut references:
.
[foo][bar]
[foo]: /url1
[bar]: /url2
.
foo
.
In the following case `[bar][baz]` is parsed as a reference,
`[foo]` as normal text:
.
[foo][bar][baz]
[baz]: /url
.
[foo]bar
.
Here, though, `[foo][bar]` is parsed as a reference, since
`[bar]` is defined:
.
[foo][bar][baz]
[baz]: /url1
[bar]: /url2
.
foobaz
.
Here `[foo]` is not parsed as a shortcut reference, because it
is followed by a link label (even though `[bar]` is not defined):
.
[foo][bar][baz]
[baz]: /url1
[foo]: /url2
.
[foo]bar
.
## Images
Syntax for images is like the syntax for links, with one
difference. Instead of [link text], we have an
[image description](@image-description). The rules for this are the
same as for [link text], except that (a) an
image description starts with `![` rather than `[`, and
(b) an image description may contain links.
An image description has inline elements
as its contents. When an image is rendered to HTML,
this is standardly used as the image's `alt` attribute.
.
![foo](/url "title")
.
![title foo](/url)
.
.
![foo *bar*]
[foo *bar*]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
.
![train & tracks foo bar](train.jpg)
.
.
![foo ![bar](/url)](/url2)
.
![foo bar](/url2)
.
.
![foo [bar](/url)](/url2)
.
![foo bar](/url2)
.
Though this spec is concerned with parsing, not rendering, it is
recommended that in rendering to HTML, only the plain string content
of the [image description] be used. Note that in
the above example, the alt attribute's value is `foo bar`, not `foo
[bar](/url)` or `foo bar`. Only the plain string
content is rendered, without formatting.
.
![foo *bar*][]
[foo *bar*]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
.
![train & tracks foo bar](train.jpg)
.
.
![foo *bar*][foobar]
[FOOBAR]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
.
![train & tracks foo bar](train.jpg)
.
.
![foo](train.jpg)
.
![foo](train.jpg)
.
.
My ![foo bar](/path/to/train.jpg "title" )
.
My ![title foo bar](/path/to/train.jpg)
.
.
![foo]()
.
![foo](url)
.
.
![](/url)
.
![](/url)
.
Reference-style:
.
![foo] [bar]
[bar]: /url
.
![foo](/url)
.
.
![foo] [bar]
[BAR]: /url
.
![foo](/url)
.
Collapsed:
.
![foo][]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![title foo](/url)
.
.
![*foo* bar][]
[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
.
![title foo bar](/url)
.
The labels are case-insensitive:
.
![Foo][]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![title Foo](/url)
.
As with full reference links, [whitespace] is allowed
between the two sets of brackets:
.
![foo]
[]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![title foo](/url)
.
Shortcut:
.
![foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![title foo](/url)
.
.
![*foo* bar]
[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
.
![title foo bar](/url)
.
Note that link labels cannot contain unescaped brackets:
.
![[foo]]
[[foo]]: /url "title"
.
![[foo]]
[[foo]]: /url "title"
.
The link labels are case-insensitive:
.
![Foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![title Foo](/url)
.
If you just want bracketed text, you can backslash-escape the
opening `!` and `[`:
.
\!\[foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
![foo]
.
If you want a link after a literal `!`, backslash-escape the
`!`:
.
\![foo]
[foo]: /url "title"
.
!foo
.
## Autolinks
[Autolinks](@autolink) are absolute URIs and email addresses inside `<` and `>`.
They are parsed as links, with the URL or email address as the link
label.
A [URI autolink](@uri-autolink) consists of `<`, followed by an
[absolute URI] not containing `<`, followed by `>`. It is parsed as
a link to the URI, with the URI as the link's label.
An [absolute URI](@absolute-uri),
for these purposes, consists of a [scheme] followed by a colon (`:`)
followed by zero or more characters other than ASCII
[whitespace] and control characters, `<`, and `>`. If
the URI includes these characters, you must use percent-encoding
(e.g. `%20` for a space).
The following [schemes](@scheme)
are recognized (case-insensitive):
`coap`, `doi`, `javascript`, `aaa`, `aaas`, `about`, `acap`, `cap`,
`cid`, `crid`, `data`, `dav`, `dict`, `dns`, `file`, `ftp`, `geo`, `go`,
`gopher`, `h323`, `http`, `https`, `iax`, `icap`, `im`, `imap`, `info`,
`ipp`, `iris`, `iris.beep`, `iris.xpc`, `iris.xpcs`, `iris.lwz`, `ldap`,
`mailto`, `mid`, `msrp`, `msrps`, `mtqp`, `mupdate`, `news`, `nfs`,
`ni`, `nih`, `nntp`, `opaquelocktoken`, `pop`, `pres`, `rtsp`,
`service`, `session`, `shttp`, `sieve`, `sip`, `sips`, `sms`, `snmp`,`
soap.beep`, `soap.beeps`, `tag`, `tel`, `telnet`, `tftp`, `thismessage`,
`tn3270`, `tip`, `tv`, `urn`, `vemmi`, `ws`, `wss`, `xcon`,
`xcon-userid`, `xmlrpc.beep`, `xmlrpc.beeps`, `xmpp`, `z39.50r`,
`z39.50s`, `adiumxtra`, `afp`, `afs`, `aim`, `apt`,` attachment`, `aw`,
`beshare`, `bitcoin`, `bolo`, `callto`, `chrome`,` chrome-extension`,
`com-eventbrite-attendee`, `content`, `cvs`,` dlna-playsingle`,
`dlna-playcontainer`, `dtn`, `dvb`, `ed2k`, `facetime`, `feed`,
`finger`, `fish`, `gg`, `git`, `gizmoproject`, `gtalk`, `hcp`, `icon`,
`ipn`, `irc`, `irc6`, `ircs`, `itms`, `jar`, `jms`, `keyparc`, `lastfm`,
`ldaps`, `magnet`, `maps`, `market`,` message`, `mms`, `ms-help`,
`msnim`, `mumble`, `mvn`, `notes`, `oid`, `palm`, `paparazzi`,
`platform`, `proxy`, `psyc`, `query`, `res`, `resource`, `rmi`, `rsync`,
`rtmp`, `secondlife`, `sftp`, `sgn`, `skype`, `smb`, `soldat`,
`spotify`, `ssh`, `steam`, `svn`, `teamspeak`, `things`, `udp`,
`unreal`, `ut2004`, `ventrilo`, `view-source`, `webcal`, `wtai`,
`wyciwyg`, `xfire`, `xri`, `ymsgr`.
Here are some valid autolinks:
.
.
http://foo.bar.baz
.
.
.
http://foo.bar.baz?q=hello&id=22&boolean
.
.
.
irc://foo.bar:2233/baz
.
Uppercase is also fine:
.
.
MAILTO:FOO@BAR.BAZ
.
Spaces are not allowed in autolinks:
.
.
<http://foo.bar/baz bim>
.
An [email autolink](@email-autolink)
consists of `<`, followed by an [email address],
followed by `>`. The link's label is the email address,
and the URL is `mailto:` followed by the email address.
An [email address](@email-address),
for these purposes, is anything that matches
the [non-normative regex from the HTML5
spec](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#e-mail-state-(type=email)):
/^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?
(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*$/
Examples of email autolinks:
.
.
foo@bar.example.com
.
.
.
foo+special@Bar.baz-bar0.com
.
These are not autolinks:
.
<>
.
<>
.
.
.
<heck://bing.bong>
.
.
< http://foo.bar >
.
< http://foo.bar >
.
.
.
<foo.bar.baz>
.
.
.
<localhost:5001/foo>
.
.
http://example.com
.
http://example.com
.
.
foo@bar.example.com
.
foo@bar.example.com
.
## Raw HTML
Text between `<` and `>` that looks like an HTML tag is parsed as a
raw HTML tag and will be rendered in HTML without escaping.
Tag and attribute names are not limited to current HTML tags,
so custom tags (and even, say, DocBook tags) may be used.
Here is the grammar for tags:
A [tag name](@tag-name) consists of an ASCII letter
followed by zero or more ASCII letters or digits.
An [attribute](@attribute) consists of [whitespace],
an [attribute name], and an optional
[attribute value specification].
An [attribute name](@attribute-name)
consists of an ASCII letter, `_`, or `:`, followed by zero or more ASCII
letters, digits, `_`, `.`, `:`, or `-`. (Note: This is the XML
specification restricted to ASCII. HTML5 is laxer.)
An [attribute value specification](@attribute-value-specification)
consists of optional [whitespace],
a `=` character, optional [whitespace], and an [attribute
value].
An [attribute value](@attribute-value)
consists of an [unquoted attribute value],
a [single-quoted attribute value], or a [double-quoted attribute value].
An [unquoted attribute value](@unquoted-attribute-value)
is a nonempty string of characters not
including spaces, `"`, `'`, `=`, `<`, `>`, or `` ` ``.
A [single-quoted attribute value](@single-quoted-attribute-value)
consists of `'`, zero or more
characters not including `'`, and a final `'`.
A [double-quoted attribute value](@double-quoted-attribute-value)
consists of `"`, zero or more
characters not including `"`, and a final `"`.
An [open tag](@open-tag) consists of a `<` character, a [tag name],
zero or more [attributes], optional [whitespace], an optional `/`
character, and a `>` character.
A [closing tag](@closing-tag) consists of the string ``, a
[tag name], optional [whitespace], and the character `>`.
An [HTML comment](@html-comment) consists of ``,
where *text* does not start with `>` or `->`, does not end with `-`,
and does not contain `--`. (See the
[HTML5 spec](http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/syntax.html#comments).)
A [processing instruction](@processing-instruction)
consists of the string ``, a string
of characters not including the string `?>`, and the string
`?>`.
A [declaration](@declaration) consists of the
string ``, and the character `>`.
A [CDATA section](@cdata-section) consists of
the string ``, and the string `]]>`.
An [HTML tag](@html-tag) consists of an [open tag], a [closing tag],
an [HTML comment], a [processing instruction], a [declaration],
or a [CDATA section].
Here are some simple open tags:
.
.
.
Empty elements:
.
.
.
[Whitespace] is allowed:
.
.
.
With attributes:
.
.
.
Illegal tag names, not parsed as HTML:
.
<33> <__>
.
<33> <__>
.
Illegal attribute names:
.
.
<a h*#ref="hi">
.
Illegal attribute values:
.
.
</a href="foo">
.
Comments:
.
foo
.
foo
.
.
foo
.
foo <!-- not a comment -- two hyphens -->
.
Not comments:
.
foo foo -->
foo
.
foo <!--> foo -->
foo <!-- foo--->
.
Processing instructions:
.
foo
.
foo
.
Declarations:
.
foo
.
foo
.
CDATA sections:
.
foo &<]]>
.
foo &<]]>
.
Entities are preserved in HTML attributes:
.
.
.
Backslash escapes do not work in HTML attributes:
.
.
.
.
.
<a href=""">
.
## Hard line breaks
A line break (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is preceded
by two or more spaces and does not occur at the end of a block
is parsed as a [hard line break](@hard-line-break) (rendered
in HTML as a `
` tag):
.
foo
baz
.
foo
baz
.
For a more visible alternative, a backslash before the
[line ending] may be used instead of two spaces:
.
foo\
baz
.
foo
baz
.
More than two spaces can be used:
.
foo
baz
.
foo
baz
.
Leading spaces at the beginning of the next line are ignored:
.
foo
bar
.
foo
bar
.
.
foo\
bar
.
foo
bar
.
Line breaks can occur inside emphasis, links, and other constructs
that allow inline content:
.
*foo
bar*
.
foo
bar
.
.
*foo\
bar*
.
foo
bar
.
Line breaks do not occur inside code spans
.
`code
span`
.
code span
.
.
`code\
span`
.
code\ span
.
or HTML tags:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hard line breaks are for separating inline content within a block.
Neither syntax for hard line breaks works at the end of a paragraph or
other block element:
.
foo\
.
foo\
.
.
foo
.
foo
.
.
### foo\
.
foo\
.
.
### foo
.
foo
.
## Soft line breaks
A regular line break (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is not
preceded by two or more spaces is parsed as a softbreak. (A
softbreak may be rendered in HTML either as a
[line ending] or as a space. The result will be the same
in browsers. In the examples here, a [line ending] will be used.)
.
foo
baz
.
foo
baz
.
Spaces at the end of the line and beginning of the next line are
removed:
.
foo
baz
.
foo
baz
.
A conforming parser may render a soft line break in HTML either as a
line break or as a space.
A renderer may also provide an option to render soft line breaks
as hard line breaks.
## Textual content
Any characters not given an interpretation by the above rules will
be parsed as plain textual content.
.
hello $.;'there
.
hello $.;'there
.
.
Foo χρῆν
.
Foo χρῆν
.
Internal spaces are preserved verbatim:
.
Multiple spaces
.
Multiple spaces
.
# Appendix A: A parsing strategy {-}
## Overview {-}
Parsing has two phases:
1. In the first phase, lines of input are consumed and the block
structure of the document---its division into paragraphs, block quotes,
list items, and so on---is constructed. Text is assigned to these
blocks but not parsed. Link reference definitions are parsed and a
map of links is constructed.
2. In the second phase, the raw text contents of paragraphs and headers
are parsed into sequences of Markdown inline elements (strings,
code spans, links, emphasis, and so on), using the map of link
references constructed in phase 1.
## The document tree {-}
At each point in processing, the document is represented as a tree of
**blocks**. The root of the tree is a `document` block. The `document`
may have any number of other blocks as **children**. These children
may, in turn, have other blocks as children. The last child of a block
is normally considered **open**, meaning that subsequent lines of input
can alter its contents. (Blocks that are not open are **closed**.)
Here, for example, is a possible document tree, with the open blocks
marked by arrows:
``` tree
-> document
-> block_quote
paragraph
"Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
-> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
list_item
paragraph
"Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
-> list_item
-> paragraph
"aliquando id"
```
## How source lines alter the document tree {-}
Each line that is processed has an effect on this tree. The line is
analyzed and, depending on its contents, the document may be altered
in one or more of the following ways:
1. One or more open blocks may be closed.
2. One or more new blocks may be created as children of the
last open block.
3. Text may be added to the last (deepest) open block remaining
on the tree.
Once a line has been incorporated into the tree in this way,
it can be discarded, so input can be read in a stream.
We can see how this works by considering how the tree above is
generated by four lines of Markdown:
``` markdown
> Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet.
> - Qui *quodsi iracundia*
> - aliquando id
```
At the outset, our document model is just
``` tree
-> document
```
The first line of our text,
``` markdown
> Lorem ipsum dolor
```
causes a `block_quote` block to be created as a child of our
open `document` block, and a `paragraph` block as a child of
the `block_quote`. Then the text is added to the last open
block, the `paragraph`:
``` tree
-> document
-> block_quote
-> paragraph
"Lorem ipsum dolor"
```
The next line,
``` markdown
sit amet.
```
is a "lazy continuation" of the open `paragraph`, so it gets added
to the paragraph's text:
``` tree
-> document
-> block_quote
-> paragraph
"Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
```
The third line,
``` markdown
> - Qui *quodsi iracundia*
```
causes the `paragraph` block to be closed, and a new `list` block
opened as a child of the `block_quote`. A `list_item` is also
added as a child of the `list`, and a `paragraph` as a child of
the `list_item`. The text is then added to the new `paragraph`:
``` tree
-> document
-> block_quote
paragraph
"Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
-> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
-> list_item
-> paragraph
"Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
```
The fourth line,
``` markdown
> - aliquando id
```
causes the `list_item` (and its child the `paragraph`) to be closed,
and a new `list_item` opened up as child of the `list`. A `paragraph`
is added as a child of the new `list_item`, to contain the text.
We thus obtain the final tree:
``` tree
-> document
-> block_quote
paragraph
"Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
-> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
list_item
paragraph
"Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
-> list_item
-> paragraph
"aliquando id"
```
## From block structure to the final document {-}
Once all of the input has been parsed, all open blocks are closed.
We then "walk the tree," visiting every node, and parse raw
string contents of paragraphs and headers as inlines. At this
point we have seen all the link reference definitions, so we can
resolve reference links as we go.
``` tree
document
block_quote
paragraph
str "Lorem ipsum dolor"
softbreak
str "sit amet."
list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
list_item
paragraph
str "Qui "
emph
str "quodsi iracundia"
list_item
paragraph
str "aliquando id"
```
Notice how the [line ending] in the first paragraph has
been parsed as a `softbreak`, and the asterisks in the first list item
have become an `emph`.
The document can be rendered as HTML, or in any other format, given
an appropriate renderer.