johnson_cycles - Enumerate the simple cycles of a graph
johnson_cycles graph_in [max_length [SHOW]]
johnson_cycles enumerates all the simple cycles of the graph given
on input, and prints the total number of cycles of each length. If
max_length is provided, johnson_cycles ignores any cycle whose
length is larger than max_length. If SHOW is given as third
argument, all the found cycles are printed on STDERR as soon as they
are found.
graph_in:
input graph (edge list) if equal to - (dash), read the edge list
from STDIN.
max_length: The maximum length of cycles to count/print. If not
provided, johnson_cycles tries to find all the cycles of the
graph (see the WARNING in the section OUTPUT below).
SHOW:
If the third (optional) parameter is equal to SHOW, the program
will dump on the standard error all the cycles found.
johnson_cycles prints on the standard output the number of cycles of
each length, in the format:
2 N_2
3 N_3
4 N_4
5 N_5
...
where 2, 3, 4, 5... is the cycle lengths and N_2, N_3, N_4, N_5... is
(twice) the number of cycles of that length. If SHOW is given, each
cycle is also printed on STDERR as soon as it is found, in the format:
node_l node_(l-1) node_(l-2) ... node_0
where node_l, node_(l-1), etc. are the labels of the nodes
belonging to the cycle which starts at node node_0.
WARNING: If the second parameter max_length is not provided,
johnson_cycles will try to enumerate all the cycles of the
graph. In general, this might take a time exponential in the
number of nodes and edges of the graph. As a consequence, specifying
a maximum length is highly recommended if you are not interested
in finding the number of cycles of any length.
We can count the cycle of any length in the graph of Florentine families using the command:
$ johnson_cycles florentine.net
2 20
3 6
4 4
5 6
6 10
7 20
8 22
9 8
10 2
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
$
The output means that the graph has 20 cycles of length 2 (edges), 6/2=3 cycles of length 3, 4/2=2 cycles of length 4, and so on. We could otherwise focus on the cycles of length up to 5 and have each cycle printed on output:
$ johnson_cycles florentine.net 5 SHOW
8 0
5 1
8 15 6 1
8 12 15 6 1
6 1
6 15 12 8 1
6 15 8 1
8 1
8 12 14 4 2
....
15 12
2 20
3 6
4 4
5 6
$
Apart from the degenerate cycles like "8 0", "5 1", etc., corresponding to the cycles obtained by traversing the same undirected edge in the two possible directions, we see in that list some of the cycles of length 4 (such as "8 15 6 1") and of length 5 (such as "8 12 15 6 1").
The enumeration of all the cycles is normally impractical on larger graphs, so it is highly recommended to limit the search to short sizes. For instance, the command:
$ johnson_cycles er_1000_5000.net 6
2 5000
3 340
4 2406
5 19416
6 160554
$
will require less than one second on a modern desktop computer, but the command:
$ johnson_cycles er_1000_5000.net 7
2 5000
3 340
4 2406
5 19416
6 160554
7 1360104
$
will probably take about 15 seconds, while:
$ johnson_cycles er_1000_5000.net 8
2 5000
3 340
4 2406
5 19416
6 160554
7 1360104
8 11743500
$
will run for more than 2 minutes, and larger cycle lengths will require exponentially more time.
f3m(1), shortest(1)
D. B. Johnson. "Finding All the Elementary Circuits of a Directed Graph". SIAM J. Comput. 4 (1975), 77-84.
V. Latora, V. Nicosia, G. Russo, "Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and Applications", Chapter 8, Cambridge University Press (2017)
V. Latora, V. Nicosia, G. Russo, "Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and Applications", Appendix 15, Cambridge University Press (2017)
(c) Vincenzo 'KatolaZ' Nicosia 2009-2017 <v.nicosia@qmul.ac.uk>.