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Algorithm for parsing nested links, images, emphasis, and quotes
================================================================
When we're parsing inlines and we hit
- a run of `*` or `_` characters
- a `[` or `![`
we insert a text node with the literal content, and add a pointer
to this text node to the **delimiter stack.**
The **delimiter stack** is a doubly linked list. Each
element contains a pointer to a text node, plus information about
- the type of delimiter (`[`, `![`, `*`, `_`)
- the number of delimiters,
- whether the delimiter is "active" (all are active to start), and
- whether the delimiter is a potential opener, a potential closer,
or both.
When we hit a `]` character, we call the `look_for_link_or_image`
procedure (see below).
When we hit the end of the input, we call the `process_emphasis`
procedure (see below), with `stack_bottom` = NULL.
`look_for_link_or_image`
------------------------
Starting at the top of the delimiter stack, we look backwards
through the stack for a `[` or `![` delimiter.
If we don't find one, we return a literal text node `]`.
If we do find one, but it's not *active*, we remove the inactive
delimiter from the stack, and return a literal text node `]`.
If we find one and it's active, then we parse ahead to see if
we have an inline link/image, reference link/image, compact reference
link/image, or shortcut reference link/image.
If we don't, then we remove the `[` or `![` delimiter from the
delimiter stack and return a literal text node `]`.
If we do, then
- We return a link or image node whose children are the inlines
after the text node pointed to by the opening delimiter.
- We run `process_emphasis` on these inlines, with the `[` opener
as `stack_bottom`.
- We remove the opening delimiter.
- If we have a link (and not an image), we also set all
`[` delimiters before the opening delimiter to *inactive*. (This
will prevent us from getting links within links.)
`process_emphasis`
------------------
Parameter `stack_bottom` sets a lower bound to how far we
descend in the **delimiter stack**. If it is NULL, we can
go all the way to the bottom. Otherwise, we stop before
visiting `stack_bottom`.
Let `current_position` point to the element on the delimiter
just above `stack_bottom` (or the first element if `stack_bottom`
is NULL).
We keep track of the `openers_bottom` for each delimiter
type (`*`, `_`). Initialize this to `stack_bottom`.
Then we repeat the following until we run out of potential
closers:
- Move `current_position` forward in the delimiter stack (if needed)
until we find the first potential closer with delimiter `*` or `_`.
(This will be the potential closer closest
to the beginning of the input -- the first one in parse order.)
- Now, look back in the stack (staying above `stack_bottom` and
the `openers_bottom` for this delimiter type) for the
first matching potential opener ("matching" means same delimiter).
- If one is found:
- Figure out whether we have emphasis or strong emphasis:
if both closer and opener spans have length >= 2, we have
strong, otherwise regular.
- Insert an emph or strong emph node accordingly, after
the text node corresponding to the opener.
- Remove delimiters between opener and closer from the delimiter
stack.
- Remove 1 (for regular emph) or 2 (for strong emph) delimiters
from the opening and closing text nodes. If they become empty
as a result, remove them and remove the corresponding element
of the delimiter stack. If the closing node is removed, reset
`current_position` to the next element in the stack.
- If none in found:
- Set `openers_bottom` to the element before `current_position`.
(We know that there are no openers for this kind of closer up to and
including this point, so this puts a lower bound on future searches.)
- If the closer at `current_position` is not a potential opener,
remove it from the delimiter stack (since we know it can't
be a closer either).
- Advance `current_position` to the next element in the stack.
- Repeat.
- After we're done, remove all delimiters above `stack_bottom` from the
delimiter stack.
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